请问英语的summary部分有什么写作技巧？
1 背模板，这个也是有模板的！
summary写作模板 summary写作模板高一
2 学习模仿别人写的好的总结。我就经常这么做，把其他人写的好的拿来跟自己的对比，看看哪里不足
hat make up the sum of human
summary的写作方法有划分结构并征服、阅读、重读、一部分一个句话、写一个thesis statement、准备写作。
1、划分结构并征服。略读这篇将要进行Summary的文章，并且将这篇文章分为几个小的部分。根据小标题和副标题来划分。并且看下生僻的标题，在读之前确保可以理解它们。
2、阅读。可以选择一个文章继续阅读。需要从头到尾地浏览。
3、重读。重读应是主动阅读。画出主题句和关键事实。把想要引用到Summary里面的地方标记出来。找出那些不了解的领域，试图在Summary中澄清这些点。
4、一部分一个句话。已经抓住了将Summary的文章的要点。在1-3步骤中，将文本分为了几个部分，并且在文章中标出了作者的中心思想和要点。
5、写一个thesis statement。这是写一篇好的Summary的关键。检查在步骤4写的句子。如果发现做不了这一步，应该回顾前面，确保写的句子是否集中在关键点。
6、准备写作。几乎已经完成了初稿。之前写的thesis statement可以作为这篇Summary的开头的介绍。
summary写作注意事项
1、用现在时写作。确保文章包括作者和标题。简洁：总结不应该与原始文本一样多。如果必须使用作者的话说，注意引用。不要把自己的观点，想法或解释写到Summary里面。
2、检查准确性。重读Summary，确保能准确地表达了作者的思想和要点。确保已经正确地直接引用了文本。还要检查确保Summary中不包含自己的观点。
3、修改。确定总结是准确的，修改它的格式，语法和标点符号。总结别人阅读一下。通过读Summary应该能够知道原始文章的思想。如果他或她没有读懂，那可能太专注于一个领域的，而没能全面展示的作者的主要观点。
一般来说，报刊的开头一段会告诉你这文章在讲什么，然后你把这一段讲的东西用自己的话变换着说说就比较了。如果首段没给文章主要内容，就要自己去每段概括，然后总结，一般来说要有who,when,where,ho,why，当然不是说所有要素都要包括，要根据文章的侧重而有所变换
摘要是一个简短、语义连贯的文本，浓缩了原始文档的基本内容。其目的是在不作主观评价和解释的情况下，迅速把握原文的主旨。摘要写作是一种受控的写作形式，它使学生利用原文的结构和语言的力量，写出内容相同、结构相似、语言简洁的短文。此外，它有助于培养学生掌握文章要点的能力，有助于他们在应用文写作中避免全面、详细、逐条列举的不良倾向。这种写作不仅要准确理解原文，而且要综合原文。因此，用英语写摘要是学生学习英语写作的一种实用方法。
论文投稿 简要summary 怎么写
基本要求
1.格式
平时的小作业有essay 和 report 两种格式
essay --- 结构分为introduction, main body, 和 conclusion. 不用太复杂的结构
Report ----- 要有 executive summary,
结构要求很高，文章分为几个部分，每个部分都要有大标题，下面还要有副标题，等等。(可以参考一起附上的report例文的结构)
2.References问题
文章一定要有references (参考文献),
就是引用别人文章中的观点，但是这个引用不能整断整段的直接用书上，网上的文章，或者杂志上的文章的内容。如果一段话中有超过三个词是引用的，就要表明
references. (如果完全是用自己的语言将别人的观点说出来了，引用的词是两个或更少，就可以不用标出references)。
*如果整段要直接引用原话，要用引号标出，而且这样的引用的比率不能超过全文字数的5%。
*全文注明references的文字,就是引用的文字不能超过全文字数的30%.
*References
(参考文献)可以是书，也可以是学术杂志上发表的文章，或者网上的文章，但是引用的文章最好大多数是近十年的文章，而且References一定要按照正确方法标注。
References
在文中是在文中用自己的话说出别人书中或文章中的内容后，用括号标出作者和年代，而在文后的references列表中一定要用Harvard references
system的格式来标出参考文献。
参考文献的数量也是有要求的，一般是每1000 字要有5个references.
3.字数问题
字数也是要按照要求写的，否则会扣分
文后的references列表和附录 (appendix)是不算字的。
比如，文章要求如果是4000字，那正文的字数就是4000 +/- 10% 字。
如果要求no more than 4000 words, 那正文的字数就不能超过4000字。
如果要求 no less than 4000 words, 那正文的字数就不能少于4000字。
如果要求4000-4500 words, 那正文的字数就要写4000-4500字之间。
4.人称问题
因为写的作业都属于学术文章，所以不能用第一人称(I, we, in my opinion,…) 这样主观的说法, 可以用被动语态。
*不能说 I DO STH， 要说 XX HAS BEEN DONE。。。特别是写REPORT的时候， 老师喜欢看到被动语句
5.Introduction和Executive summary 的区别
Introduction: 不能在introduction说出文章的结论，introduction是对文章的要写内容的介绍，结构的介绍。
Executive summary: 阐述文章得出的finding, conclusion, recommendations.
(这个文件的最后几页有两者比较的具体阐述，如果需要可以看看。)
写作内容注意事项
1. 英国人的思维是反方向的，所以，我们写东西也要这样。
不要在文章开始就写出结论(你自己的观点)，而是要先阐述能验证结论的论证，最后在得出结论。
比如我们的习惯，是先有观点譬如：我想吃蔬菜，(这就是你的观点)，然后你会去论证你的观点，譬如：我今天需要补充维生素，维生素对于我身体有好处，(这些是你的论证)，这些论证放在一起，就是你对观点“我想吃蔬菜”的总结，而在外国人眼里，你要先说“蔬菜有很多的维生素”，都有哪些种每一种对人体有什么好处你为什么要吃蔬菜，，最后再说出你的观点，“我想吃蔬菜”，这样就是有说服力的说法，可以的话在举个Reference什么的，“人或者离不开蔬菜”看看那个明人说过，拿来就可以引用一下。
2.
得出结论的时候要把自己的观点放在最前面，因为自己的观点在他们的眼里才是最重要的，Reference要引用人说的东西，要放在自己观点后面，作为辅助，证明自己观点使用，不要他人家观点写出来，自己再作分析，因为，论文要看得是你想的东西，人家观点已经是得出来的结果，用结果在写分析，老师会觉得你没有自己的观点，甚至认为你是抄的。
3.
引用观点的时候不要整段引用，挑出关键词，多过3个字，要标明那里引用的，如果需要大量引用观点,不妨尝试把观点拆开引用,并且在每个观点之前先写上自己的观点,或者理解.
如果你引用不够三个字,可以不标明为Reference可以直接使用,当作自己的观点.
还有一点我觉得，就是可以根据老师给的资料，HANDOUT和推荐的书写，不要盲目的全部在GOOGLE上搜。特别如果那本书是你老师写的而且他有推荐你去看去买的话，就引用点里面的做REFERENCE
4.
英国老师很喜欢表格,图表,等等,来表示各种数据,在他们看来这是专业的象征,所以只要是和数字有关的,不妨都多画一个图表,excel就可以帮你画里面什么样子的都有，立体的平面的，把你文章里的数据套进去就可以，尝试一下，效果不错，数据可以是你验证后得到的，也可以使自己估计的，详细地要文章解释。
5.
千万不要为了凑字数，车轱辘话，来回绕，得不偿失，但是可以从不同的角度来验证自己这句话，或者人家的话，不同角度一写字数就多了，而且只要这个观点是对的，老师会觉得你很有见地，分析全面，而且只会长分，不会减分。
高考英语概要写作范文怎么写
高考时期，遇到概要的英语写作，我们有什么技巧可以解决?
高考英语概要写作范文
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
高考英语概要写作方法
Part I. 什么是摘要?
A summary is a short account giving the main points of something longer or detailed.
概括部分包含几种能力。第一要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具有意义筛选的能力，学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能抄袭原文。
对于成绩较差的同学来说，可能对概括感到无从下手。
读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，即写作内容1为概括短文要点，还有写作内容2 则是就某个主题发表看法。然而，绝大部分的考生会忽略了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。事实上， 所谓读写任务其实是读和写的有机结合，读的材料是为了后面的写提供情景，同样， 写也是对读的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。
一、概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。
标准的概括采用浮凸式的表达方式，第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。
二、概括的写作步骤：
1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。(括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子)
三、概括的形式：主题句+支撑句 即主题+主题的什么。
附：2007年广东高考概括部分评分细则：
1.完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改的，得0分;
2.机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得1分;
3.稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语，宾语、原文词序的，得2分;
4.创造性地抄，改主语，宾语、原文词序还有句子结构的，最多得3分。
5.结构、用词，词性变化比较好的4至5分。
高考英语概要写作技巧
Part II. 写概括的具体方法
Ⅰ.The Steps of Writing a Summary
A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passage
tells us that----- - --.
B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称;)
C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
1)Use words of similar meanings同义替换法
I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.
I didn’t catch any fish_________ I was not patient.
2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正话反说法
You will fail. = You will ____________.
3)Change the part of speech词性转换法
Patience is very important. Patience is of _____________________ .
4)Change the structure of a sentence句式变化法
语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should ________ more praise.
简单句变复合句：
Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
Children should be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn faster..
5)Use the shortest possible transitions连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。
We should encourage children. We should not scold them.
We should encourage children__________ scolding them.
6) Change the order of the words.词序改变法
D. 下列是常规的实用技巧。
Skill1: Omit (省略) the details
Skill2: Omit the repetitions
Skill3: Omit the examples
Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words )
Skill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3) 删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.
可以概括为：She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.
5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。
6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.
可以概括为： He was very brave in battle.
He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.
可以概括为：He was in financial difficulties.
8) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
II.练习篇---- 学以致用。(Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper skill from the above ones.)
1,Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips
1)Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future.
2)..Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.
3). Show your parents you are growing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.
Which skill: ___________________________________________________
Summary:___________________________________________________________
2. Sometimes, kids don’t think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mum doesn’t like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether you’re
speaking to a boy or a girl.
Which skill: ___________________________________________________
Summary: ______________________________________________________________
3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, You use too much salt on your food, Paul. It’s not at all good for you! Paul put down his knife and frowned, Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awfullike eating wood or sandjust imagine bread without salt in it!
Which skill:___________________________________________________
Summary:______________________________________________________
4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.
Which skill: _____________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________
Ⅲ.Task2: find out how to summarize the whole passage
段意合并法 (说明文、应用文)
第一步, 通读全文, 领略大意;
第二步,小结每一段的大意;
第三步, 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 综合归纳全文的大意.
对于说明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如，可以概括如下 This article points out the common phenomenon
要素串联法(记叙文)
记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。
主题概括法(议论文)
第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。
第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句), 进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.
第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯;
第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think 还可以从中立的角度或用无人称的方式来说The article gives the view that
Exercise: Match the main idea with the proper skill.
5. It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night. I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, I enjoy cleaning windows at night.
So do I, answered the policeman in the same tone. Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when he’s busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station?
Well, I’d prefer to stay here, I said. You see, I’ve forgotten my key.
Your what? he called.
My key, I shouted.
Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me
Which skill: ____________________________
点拨：
这是一篇记叙文，请从原文中划出时间、地点、人物、事情的经过和结果。
填充下面所给的summary, 注意如何借用词法，语法简化句子。
Summary:
On arriving home __________ in the morning, the writer failed to wake up __________ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _______________, but was found by _____________. Soon his shouting woke his wife.
6. Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when advertisements give reliable information about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a sensible choice when he buys something. It is useful in that it lets him know of the kinds of goods in the shops. Printed advertisements do this job best. Customers can collect them and compare them. They can be taken along to the shops and their statements can be checked against and actual goods in the shops.
Some advertisements are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want things. They set out to make us believe that what they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it. The voice on TV says, Getaway people use XYZ petrol. The screen shows a picture of petrol pump for a fast expensive car owned by a boy with a pretty girlfriend. They drive off to the wonderful country or a lovely beach. Some people may feel that clever, successful people use XYZ petrol. Some might choose that petrol every time they fill up their cars.
Skill: _______________________
Summary:
7..Students should think now about what extracurricular (课外的) activities they'd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didn’t previously know.
You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.
Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers you're well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.
The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.
Skill: ______________________________________
Summary:
Ⅳ.积累模板Some Summary Models for You
要注意归纳和积累summary中常用的句式或模板。
A.如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：
The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.
The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that
The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first
or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.
The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.
The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.
The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.
B.而记叙文的概要则可以从以下模板中选择：
The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The author tells us a story about a ________.
The passage is a story about ________.
According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.
C.通用型模板：
According to the passage, we know
This article is mainly about
The writer states that
As can be learn this passage, - - -
The passage says that
In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of
另外，更具体一点：
(1) 记叙文概要模板
a.点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us(主题)by showing us an example of, who/which(故事情节).
b.作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his
experience of doing sth, which
c. 他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth..
(2) 议论文概要模板
The article gives the view that
should/shouldn’t(主题).
..(补充论据).
The passage highlights(强调) the importance of sth..
The author argues that
(3) 说明文概要模板
a. 现象揭示类：
This article points out the common phenomenon ----(主题), which.(补充解释).
b. 利弊对比类：
The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile B
The passage discusses the impact(影响)of sth. On the positive side, but it may also.
c. 研究显示类：
The study reveals(揭露) that
The purpose of the report is to show that
附：练习参考答案：
I. 定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。练习
1) because 2) not succeed
3) of great importance 4) be given; which 5) instead of
II. 练习篇---- 学以致用。
1.Skill1: Omit the details
There are some tips for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents.
2. Skill2: Omit the examples.
It is quite natural that we children look at the same problem differently from our parents.
3. Skill4: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.
Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
4. Skill3: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific (具体的) words.
She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.
5. Summary: On arriving home at about two in the morning, the writer failed to wake up his wife by the doorbell. He tried to climb towards the bedroom window, but was found by a policeman. Soon his shouting woke his wife.(40 words)
6. Skill: ①段意合并法 (topic sentences or key words，if no topic sentences)
Summary: Advertising can be useful when it provides customers with reliable information，while some advertisements are not the case as they are produced only to persuade customers to buy what they don’t need.(31 words)
7. 主题概括法(适合于议论文)
Summary: The author (The passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people. (30 words)
